![]() ![]() This charge buildup is not necessarily uniform and shifts the energy of photoelectrons emitted from the sample and frequently distorts peak shape (2) vacuum level (VL) versus Fermi level referencing-even if there was no positive charge buildup, the Fermi level referencing that works for conductors and simplifies accurate photoelectron binding energy (BE) determination no longer applies. XPS spectra collected from insulating materials or materials electrically isolated from the spectrometer differ in two ways from those collected on conducting materials connected to the spectrometer: (1) surface charge buildup-there is a buildup of positive charge at and near a sample surface due to the emission of electrons.
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